Rolling Resistance (Crr):
- 0.002–0.003 (indoor wood)
- 0.003–0.004 (smooth concrete)
- 0.004–0.005 (asphalt)
Weight (kg):
Total system weight, rider plus bike.
Mechanical Efficiency:
Percentage of power transfer efficiency from the athlete through the bike.
- 0.94 = poorly maintained drive chain or standard road chain
- 0.96 = competitive but not fully optimised
- 0.98 = world class components and quality bearings
Air Density (kg/m³):
If you have an air-density meter (e.g. Kestrel), use live data. If unknown, assume 1.225 kg/m³ (≈15 °C at sea level).